Introduction Four decades after its discovery, HIV-1 continues to challenge global health systems, affecting over 40.8 million people living with the virus and resulting in approximately 1.3 million new infections annually as of 20241. The wide-scale practice of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed AIDS into a manageable chronic condition. Currently, over 31.6 million people are […]
Introduction Humans exist as men and women. Sexual dimorphism predominates in most recent species on the evolutionary scale, including most animals and some plants1. Why is it so? Sex complementarity confers reproductive advantage at the population level, allowing the admixture of distinct genetic traits that would favor adaptation to changing environments through natural selection1,2. In […]
The human life expectancy is higher today than ever before. In many Western countries, it is over 80 years old. In Japan and Spain, the average age is 83. Social well-being and advances in health are the main determinants of this longer survival. However, new challenges have arisen that affect the elderly above all, derived […]